Letter Of Credit III

Letter of credit, atau sering disingkat menjadi L/C, LC, atau LOC, adalah sebuah cara pembayaran internasional yang memungkinkan eksportir menerima pembayaran tanpa menunggu berita dari luar negeri setelah barang dan berkas dokumen dikirimkan keluar negeri (kepada pemesan).

Pelaku L/C

• Applicant atau pemohon kredit adalah importir (pembeli) yang mengajukan aplikasi L/C.
• Beneficiary adalah eksportir (penjual) yang menerima L/C.
• Issuing bank atau opening adalah bank pembuka L/C.
• Advising bank adalah bank yang meneruskan L/C, yaitu bank koresponden (agen) yang meneruskan L/C kepada beneficiary. Bank tidak bertanggung jawab atas isi L/C dan hanya bertindak sebagai perantara.
• Confirming bank adalah bank yang melakukan konfirmasi atas permintaan issuing bank dan menjamin sepenuhnya pembayaran.
• Paying bank adalah bank yang secara khusus ditunjuk dalam L/C untuk melakukan pembayaran dan beneficiary berkewajiban menyerahkan dokumen kepada bank tersebut.
• Carrier adalah penyimpanan barang yang diperjualbelikan.

Tata cara pembayaran dengan L/C

1. Importir meminta kepada banknya (bank devisa) untuk membuka suatu L/C untuk dan atas nama eksportir. Dalam hal ini, importir bertindak sebagai opener. Bila importir sudah memenuhi ketentuan yang berlaku untuk impor seperti keharusan adanya surat izin impor, maka bank melakukan kontrak valuta (KV) dengan importir dan melaksanakan pembukaan L/C atas nama importir. Bank dalam hal ini bertindak sebagai opening/issuing bank. Pembukaan L/C ini dilakukan melalui salah satu koresponden bank di luar negeri. Koresponden bank yang bertindak sebagai perantara kedua ini disebut sebagai advising bank atau notifiying bank. Advising bank memberitahukan kepada eksportir mengenai pembukaan L/C tersebut. Eksportir yang menerima L/C disebut beneficiary.
2. Eksportir menyerahkan barang ke Carrier, sebagai gantinya Eksportir akan mendapatkan bill of lading.
3. Eksportir menyerahkan bill of lading kepada bank untuk mendapatkan pembayaran. Paying bank kemudian menyerahkan sejumlah uang setelah mereka mendapatkan bill of lading tersebut dari eksportir. Bill of lading tersebut kemudian diberikan kepada Importir.
4. Importir menyerahkan bill of lading kepada Carrier untuk ditukarkan dengan barang yang dikirimkan oleh eksportir.

Jenis-jenis L/C

• Revocable L/C

Adalah L/C yang sewaktu-waktu dapat dibatalkan atau diubah secara sepihak oleh opener atau oleh issuing bank tanpa memerlukan persetujuan dari beneficiary.

• Irrevocable L/C

Irrevocable L/C adalah L/C yang tidak bisa dibatalkan selama jangka berlaku (validity) yang ditentukan dalam L/C tersebut dan opening bank tetap menjamin untuk menerima wesel-wesel yang ditarik atas L/C tersebut. Pembatalan mungkin juga dilakukan, tetapi harus atas persetujuan semua pihak yang bersangkutan dengan L/C tersebut.

• Irrevocable dan Confirmed L/C

L/C ini diangggap paling sempurna dan paling aman dari sudut penerima L/C (beneficiary) karena pembayaran atau pelunasan wesel yang ditarik atas L/C ini dijamin sepenuhnya oleh opening bank maupun oleh advising bank, bila segala syarat-syarat dipenuhi, serta tidak mudah dibatalkan karena sifatnya yang irrevocable.

• Clean Letter of Credit

Dalam L/C ini tidak dicantumkan syarat-syarat lain untuk penarikan suatu wesel. Artinya, tidak diperlukan dokumen-dokumen lainnya, bahkan pengambilan uang dari kredit yang tersedia dapat dilakukan dengan penyerahan kuitansi biasa.

• Documentary Letter of Credit

Penarikan uang atau kredit yang tersedia harus dilengkapi dengan dokumen-dokumen lain sebagaimana disebut dalam syarat-syarat dari L/C.

• Documentary L/C dengan Red Clause

Jenis L/C ini, penerima L/C (beneficiary) diberi hak untuk menarik sebagian dari jumlah L/C yang tersedia dengan penyerahan kuitansi biasa atau dengan penarikan wesel tanpa memerlukan dokumen lainnya, sedangkan sisanya dilaksanakan seperti dalam hal documentary L/C. L/C ini merupakan kombinasi open L/C dengan documentary L/C.

• Revolving L/C

L/C ini memungkinkan kredit yang tersedia dipakai ulang tanpa mengadakan perubahan syarat khusus pada L/C tersebut. Misalnya, untuk jangka waktu enam bulan, kredit tersedia setiap bulannya US$ 1.200, berarti secara otomatis setiap bulan (selama enam bulan) kredit tersedia sebesar US$ 1.200, tidak peduli apakah jumlah itu dipakai atau tidak.

• Back to Back L/C

Dalam L/C ini, penerima (beneficiary) biasanya bukan pemilik barang, tetapi hanya perantara. Oleh karena itu, penerima L/C ini terpaksa meminta bantuan banknya untuk membuka L/C untuk pemilik barang-barang yang sebenarnya dengan menjaminkan L/C yang diterimanya dari luar negeri.

Lihat pula

• Ekspor
• Impor
• Perdagangan internasional
• Globalisasi
• Uang

New Uniform Customs and Practices for Letters of Credit, UCP 600

New Uniform Customs and Practices for Letters of Credit, UCP 600
Attorney at Law Dr. Jens Nielsen, Hamburg, Germany
1) The never ending attempt to adapt to new technologies and the simplification of rules
On June 1, 2007 the new Uniform Customs and Practices for Documentary Credits,
published as International Chamber of Commerce publication No 600, will take effect.
The first version of the UCP was drafted at the ICC congress in Vienna in 1933
(ICC-Publication No. 82). After the first revision in 1951, the UCP were again revised

• Read more

LETTER OF CREDIT (english)

What is a Letter of Credit?

A Letter of Credit is a payment term generally used for international sales transactions. It is basically a mechanism, which allows importers/buyers to offer secure terms of payment to exporters/sellers in which a bank (or more than one bank) gets involved. The technical term for Letter of credit is 'Documentary Credit'. At the very outset one must understand is that Letters of credit deal in documents, not goods. The idea in an international trade transaction is to shift the risk from the actual buyer to a bank. Thus a LC (as it is commonly referred to) is a payment undertaking given by a bank to the seller and is issued on behalf of the applicant i.e. the buyer. The Buyer is the Applicant and the Seller is the Beneficiary. The Bank that issues the LC is referred to as the Issuing Bank which is generally in the country of the Buyer. The Bank that Advises the LC to the Seller is called the Advising Bank which is generally in the country of the Seller.

The specified bank makes the payment upon the successful presentation of the required documents by the seller within the specified time frame. Note that the Bank scrutinizes the 'documents' and not the 'goods' for making payment. Thus the process works both in favor of both the buyer and the seller. The Seller gets assured that if documents are presented on time and in the way that they have been requested on the LC the payment will be made and Buyer on the other hand is assured that the bank will thoroughly examine these presented documents and ensure that they meet the terms and conditions stipulated in the LC.

Typically the documents requested in a Letter of Credit are the following:

• Commercial invoice
• Transport document such as a Bill of lading or Airway bill,
• Insurance document;
• Inspection Certificate
• Certificate of Origin
  But there could be others too.

Letters of credit (LC) deal in documents, not goods. The LC could be 'irrevocable' or 'revocable'. An irrevocable LC cannot be changed unless both the buyer and seller agree. Whereas in a revocable LC changes to the LC can be made without the consent of the beneficiary. A 'sight' LC means that payment is made immediately to the beneficiary/seller/exporter upon presentation of the correct documents in the required time frame. A 'time' or 'date' LC will specify when payment will be made at a future date and upon presentation of the required documents.

Essential Principles Governing Law Within the United States, Article 5 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) governs L/Cs. Article 5 is founded on two principles: (1) the L/C,s independence from the underlying business transaction, and (2) strict compliance with documentary requirements.

1) Strict Compliance

How strict compliance? Some courts insist upon literal compliance, so that a misspelled name or typographical error voids the exporter's/beneficiary's/seller's demand for payment. Other courts require payment upon substantial compliance with documentary requirements. The bank may insist upon strict compliance with the requirements of the L/C. In the absence of conformity with the L/C, the Seller cannot force payment and the bank pays at its own risk. Sellers should be careful and remember that the bank may insist upon strict compliance with all documentary requirements in the LC. If the documents do not conform, the bank should give the seller prompt, detailed notice, specifying all discrepancies and shortfalls.

2) The Independence Doctrine

Letters of credit deal in documents, not goods. L/Cs are purely documentary transactions, separate and independent from the underlying contract between the Buyer and the Seller. The bank honoring the L/C is concerned only to see that the documents conform with the requirements in the L/C. If the documents conform, the bank will pay, and obtain reimbursement from the Buyer/Applicant. The bank need not look past the documents to examine the underlying sale of merchandise or the product itself. The letter of credit is independent from the underlying transaction and, except in rare cases of fraud or forgery, the issuing bank must honor conforming documents. Thus, Sellers are given protections that the issuing bank must honor its demand for payment (which complies with the terms of the L/C) regardless of whether the goods conform with the underlying sale contract.

3 Most Common Reasons why Letters of Credit Fail

1) Time Lines:

The letter of credit should have an expiration date that gives sufficient time to the seller to get all the tasks specified and the documents required in the LC. If the letter of credit expires, the seller is left with no protection. Most LC s fail because Sellers/Exporters/Beneficiaries were unable to perform within the specified time frame in the LC. Three dates are of importance in an LC:
a) The date by when shipment should have occurred. The date on the Bill of Lading.
b) The date by when documents have to be presented to the Bank
c) The expiry date of the LC itself.

A good source to give you an idea of the timelines would be your freight forwarding agent. As a seller check with your freight forwarding agent to see if you would be in a position to comply.

2) Discrepancy within the Letter of Credit:

Letters of credit could also have discrepancies. Even a discrepancy as small as a missing period or comma can render the document invalid. Thus, the earlier in the process the letter of credit is examined, the more time is available to identify and fix the problem. This is another common reason why LCs fail.

3) Compliance with the Documents and Conditions within the Letter of Credit.

Letters of credit are about documents and not facts; the inability to produce a given document at the right time will nullify the letter of credit. As a Seller/Exporter/Beneficiary you should try and run the compliance issues with the various department or individuals involved within your organization to see if compliance would be a problem. And if so, have the LC amended before shipping the goods.

Learning the Terminology of Exporting
INCOTERMS (TRANSPORTATION)

Shipping terms set the parameters for international shipments, specify points of origin and destination, outline conditions under which title is transferred from seller to buyer, and determine which party is responsible for shipping costs. They also indicate which party assumes the cost if merchandise is lost or damaged during transit. To provide a common terminology for international shipping, INCOTERMS (International Commercial Terms) have been developed under the auspices of the International Chamber of Commerce. See their website at www.iccwbo.org for the latest Incoterms2000.

For resources on this subject please visit our 'Links' page

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What is a Lease Purchase?

A Lease Purchase allows you to rent and occupy the home while having a contact to purchase at a future date. There are two documents that allow you to do that. A lease or rental agreement and then a purchase contact to buy the property at a future date. Lease purchase agreements vary so there is not a standard contact used by all. A lease purchase often refers to a contract for a certain purchase of the property.

“Lease-options” are similar in that they often lock in the price of the home at the onset of the contract. However with many lease options, you have the right to purchase the property by a certain date, but are not obligated to do so. Most often options money is non refundable in the case that you do not purchase the property.

With current forecasts of growing home values, however, it’s not surprising lease purchases and lease options today are gaining favor.

Sometimes, these programs help first-time home buyers with credit and savings problems, to purchase their first home.

As the buyer, some of the benefits may be that you will have minimum cash may be required, sometimes credit problems at the present are okay since sometimes the seller will finance you or if getting a mortgage loan you have time to repair your credit before you buy, you have faster equity growth than just renting, some of your money is working for you towards the purchase, the option money may be credit towards your purchase, you may have lower down payment at closing since you may have option money or rent credits to apply, prices may have appreciated beyond your lock in price, and you have time to check out the property while you live in it. Every lease purchase or option is different, so you need to carefully read your contacts, because this is just a general description.

And then, what is a Lease Purchase Contract?

Again, it’s very easy. A Lease Purchase contract combines a basic lease contract with an option to purchase contract, which creates a Lease Purchase contract.

The tenant/buyer pays to the landlord/seller a nonrefundable option deposit that is applied to the purchase price of the home. The tenant/buyer then pays to the landlord/seller rent to compensate the landlord/seller for the tenant/buyer’s use of the property.

Rent payments are usually made on a monthly basis. A portion of that monthly payment is often applied to the purchase price and/or the down payment of the home.

During the term of the lease, but before the option expires, the tenant/buyer has exclusive right to buy the home under the terms to which both parties have previously agreed.

What’s more important, you are in a position to make the Lease Purchase option known to a select group of potential clients who would not qualify to purchase in any other way. They will remember the opportunity you have given them and reward you with future business.

At minimum, you have a fiduciary responsibility to determine whether a Lease Purchase agreement could help them solve their real estate problems. It may be exactly what they need — and trust me — they will thank you for it!

How to buy, sell and invest in real estate safer and easier with the Lease Purchase contract? Clcik here to learn more.